Q) Definition of polymer and polymerization
Ans)
A polymer is a large molecule made up of many repeating subunits called monomers. Polymers are found all around us, from the plastics we use in everyday life to the natural materials that make up our bodies
Polymerization is the process of combining monomers to form polymers. There are many different types of polymerization reactions, but they all involve the formation of covalent bonds between the monomers.
Q) Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC)
Ans)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a thermoplastic polymer that is one of the most widely produced synthetic plastics in the world. It is a versatile material that can be used to make a wide variety of products, including:
Pipes and fittings
Flooring and siding
Electrical insulation
Medical devices
Food packaging
Toys and sporting goods
Credit cards
Q) Temporay hardness and permanent hard of water causes.
Ans)
Temporary hardness is caused by the presence of dissolved calcium and magnesium bicarbonates in water. These bicarbonates are soluble in water, but they can precipitate out as calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) when the water is heated or boiled. This is why temporary hardness is also known as carbonate hardness.
Permanent hardness is caused by the presence of dissolved calcium and magnesium salts of strong acids, such as chlorides and sulfates. These salts are not precipitated by boiling, so permanent hardness is also known as non-carbonate hardness.
Q) POTABLE WATER definition
Ans)
Potable water, also known as drinking water, is water that is safe for human consumption. It must be free of harmful microorganisms, chemicals, and other contaminants. Potable water can be obtained from a variety of sources, including surface water (rivers, lakes, and streams), groundwater (aquifers), and rainwater.
•It must have a pH that is within the range of 6.5 to 8.5.
•It must be free of harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
•It must be free of harmful chemicals, such as heavy metals, pesticides, and herbicides.
Q) Reverse osmosis.
Ans)
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification technology that uses a semipermeable membrane to remove ions, unwanted molecules, and larger particles from water. In RO, an applied pressure is used to overcome the osmotic pressure, which is the natural tendency of water to move from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
RO is a very effective way to remove a wide range of contaminants from water, including:
•Salts
•Minerals
•Heavy metals
•Bacteria
•Viruses
•Parasites
•Pharmaceuticals
•Pesticides
•Herbicides
Advantages of RO
•Removes a wide range of contaminants from water
•Produces high-quality water with a neutral pH and a pleasant taste
•Does not require the use of chemicals
•Relatively low maintenance requirements
Disadvantages of RO
•Can be expensive to install and operate
•Produces a waste stream of concentrated brine, which must be disposed of properly
•Removes beneficial minerals from water, such as calcium and magnesium
•Can reduce the pH of water, making it more acidic
Q) Disinfection of potable water by chlorination
Ans)
Chlorination is the process of adding chlorine to water to kill harmful bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. It is the most common method of disinfecting potable water, and it is very effective at protecting public health.
Chlorination is the most common method used to disinfect potable water. It involves adding chlorine to the water to kill harmful bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. Chlorine is a very effective disinfectant, and it is also relatively inexpensive and easy to use.
Chlorination works by disrupting the cell membranes of microorganisms. This causes the cells to leak and die. Chlorine is also a powerful oxidizer, which means that it can break down organic matter in the water. This helps to reduce the risk of waterborne diseases.
Advantages of chlorination:
•Very effective at killing harmful microorganisms
•Inexpensive and easy to use
•Produces a residual disinfectant that remains in the water to protect against contamination
Disadvantages of chlorination:
•Can produce disinfection byproducts (DBPs)
•Can affect the taste and odor of the water
•Can be corrosive to pipes and fittings
Q) Classification of batteries (primary, secondary batteries and fuel cell
differences with examples)
Ans)
Batteries can be classified into three main types: primary, secondary, and fuel cells.
Primary batteries are also known as disposable batteries. They cannot be recharged and are discarded after use. Primary batteries are typically used in devices with low power requirements, such as flashlights, remote controls, and smoke detectors.
Examples of primary batteries:
•Alkaline batteries
•Carbon-zinc batteries
•Lithium batteries
•Silver-oxide batteries
Secondary batteries are also known as rechargeable batteries. They can be recharged and reused multiple times. Secondary batteries are typically used in devices with high power requirements, such as laptops, cell phones, and electric vehicles.
Examples of secondary batteries:
•Lithium-ion batteries
•Nickel-cadmium batteries
•Lead-acid batteries
•Nickel-metal hydride batteries
Fuel cells are similar to batteries in that they produce electricity. However, fuel cells require a continuous supply of fuel and oxidizer to operate. Fuel cells are typically used in applications where high power density and long run time are required, such as space exploration and backup power generation.
Examples of fuel cells:
•Hydrogen fuel cells
•Methanol fuel cells
•Natural gas fuel cells
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