PPL UNIT-1&2 Notes

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This document explores fundamental concepts in programming languages, beginning with the rationale for studying them, which includes improving algorithm development and choosing the appropriate language. It categorizes programming domains such as scientific (Fortran), business (COBOL), and artificial intelligence (LISP) applications. Key language evaluation criteria are discussed, including readability, writability, reliability, and cost. The influence of computer architecture, specifically the von Neumann architecture, on imperative languages is highlighted. The document also covers language categories like imperative, functional, logic, object-oriented, and markup languages. Finally, it delves into language implementation methods (compilation, pure interpretation, hybrid, and JIT), compiler phases, the distinction between syntax and semantics, and grammar concepts like BNF and EBNF.

Here are 5 key bullet points of the specific topics covered with a brief definition for each:

• Readability: The ease with which programs can be read and understood.
• Orthogonality: A relatively small set of primitive constructs can be combined in a relatively small number of ways, where every possible combination is legal.
• Von Neumann Bottleneck: The connection speed between a computer's memory and its processor determines the speed of a computer, and this connection speed often results in a bottleneck.
• Lexical Analysis: The first stage of compiler design, where the compiler reads the source code character by character and breaks it down into a series of tokens.
• Context Free Grammar (CFG): A formal grammar which is used to generate all possible strings in a given formal language.